Emerging Trends in Civil Liability Cases Annotated Bibliography

Emerging Trends in Civil Liability Cases - Annotated Bibliography Example For a case to be successful, the applicant has to prove that the government official violated his or her constitutional or federal law rights and whether the officers acted under color of law. As such, the article presents a discussion of a series of case rulings in which the plaintiffs sought to be awarded legal relief under the provision of Section 83. The liability cases studied and analyzed by Ross are related to correctional officers, since such officials are at the highest risk of litigation. In total, the study examined 3,205 correctional liability cases filed against correctional officials under Section 1983. The claims for such cases were many and varied, but Ross identified sixteen categories indicating trends in the litigation claims. These categories include violation of free speech rights, cruel and unusual punishment, and failure to protect a claim. The large sample evaluated increases the reliability of the study. In addition, by examining the trend over a long period of time and considering cases from all facilities in the United States District Court system, the validity of the findings from the study is increased. This validity is further strengthened by the credibility of the researcher since Ross is a University Professor with the Criminal Justice Program. The study observed that majority of the cases were filed without legal counsel, and this could present a weakness in the findings since some of them could have no legal basis. According to Ross’ findings, the number of correctional liability claims filed under Section 1983 is directly related to the prisoner population and would continue to increase with a proportional increase in the population of prisoners. CJ professionals would use this fact to vary the population of inmates in particular correctional facilities, thus reducing potential conflicts that could result in litigation claims against correctional officers.

Stakeholders of the software industry Research Paper

Stakeholders of the software industry - Research Paper Example Conspicuously, information on the quality of software products is the most sought by consumers. It is imperative that developers of software products disseminate this information not only in a timely manner but also ensure that the information publicized is accurate and detailed (Myers, 1999). To obtain this information about a product’s quality, design, requirements, and implementation, it is important that developers of software products carry out different tests at the various phases of their production line. Such testing processes not only give information on the quality of a product but also enable an independent and unprejudiced view of a product not only by its developers but also by its users (Myers, 1999). In addition, the developer of software product may have the opportunity to appreciate and understand the risks of the design, development, and execution software (Myers, 1999). Contrary to common belief among laymen, software testing extends beyond tests done to asc ertain whether a product can be executed or applied and testing to identify or discover bugs; it encompasses all the processes by which software is validated and verified. In addition, software testing seeks to establish whether a product has adhered to the design and development requirements and can be effectively executed with similar features. What is more, software testing seeks to establish whether the needs of all stakeholders have been achieved in a product (Willison, 2004). One fundamental facet of software testing is that it can be done at any stage of the development and implementation of software, depending on the type of testing advised or adopted. This paper explores the notion that software testing is used to show that software functions properly. More precisely, the paper discusses the use of software testing to prevent and/or eliminate faults associated with requirements, design, analysis, and implementation. Software Testing for Prevention of Faults Recent times hav e realized an increase in the popularity of software testing in the software development industry. Software testing in the software industry entails not only the activities in the development cycle of software but also beyond. The importance of software testing is best highlighted by the fact that quite many users have experiences of software not working as expected. Evidently, faulty software has quite huge impacts on organisations. Among the consequences of software that do not work include financial losses, time losses, damage to business reputation, injury or death for safety-critical systems (Willison, 2004). The first way by which faulty software may result in financial loss is due to non-compliance to legal requirements. Regrettably, the testing phase of software development is never accorded the seriousness it deserves from software developers and managers. This situation exists despite the fact that testing is the only way to ascertain whether an application is likely to fu nction properly after it is deployed to the market. Due to its importance in ensuring a product is correct, there are several recommended approaches to and reasons for software testing (Willison, 2004). Although it gets a little attention, software testing remains a rather integral and important phase of any project on software development. That is, it is only via software testing that a developer may ascertain whether a software project or product is poised to succeed in the market or is doomed (Willison, 2004). It is important that software developers must have an approach that focuses on functional testing, characterized by the verification of whether software