The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Analysis Essays

The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Analysis Essays The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Analysis Paper The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Analysis Paper ‘The Choosing’ by Liz Lochhead is a poem which depicts the importance of the choices one makes in early phases of life. In this specific poem the main theme revolves around how wealth, family, different opinions about life and where a girl stood in the 80s influenced one’s choice; hence the title of the poem is ‘The Choosing’. In the poem the author compares her life to her best friend’s life. In their childhood days they were equal in almost anything they did including their appearance, behaviour at school, level in education and even houses because they were expected to be like that. As life moved on different decisions were made and the two girls had developed totally different characters. As the persona exposes the options that were available to the author it seems that she is purposely trying to ignore them in many different ways. Knowing that the girls did not embrace these characters themselves the persona becomes aware of the importance of one’s ability to make a decision independently. The author reveals her message using a variety of poetic devices including visual imagery, stereotyping, tone, paradox, poem structure, figurative language and also made use of framing. This could also have been all a matter of ‘choosing’. In the first stanza the author mainly compares her childhood days to her best friend’s. She used a number of poetic techniques including visual imagery and stereotyping to make a clear comparison. Such use of techniques stimulates the reader’s senses by evoking their own childhood memories because it has been presented in a way the reader can easily relate back to. For example in the line, â€Å"we were first equal Mary and I†, this creates a sense of equality, friendship and friendly rivalry. Further on in the stanza, the composer writes â€Å"with same coloured ribbons in mouse-coloured hair and with equal shyness†, it is a stereotype used to enforce the fact that they are equal or same. The author makes use of such imagery and stereotyping to relate it to the main theme and show that girls in the 80s were generally ‘programmed’ and did as convention said rather than choosing their own ways. The use of visual imagery and stereotyping encourage the reader to develop and understanding in their mind about how girls in the 80s were overpowered by the opposing gender. Stanza two elaborates more on the similarities between the two girls. The author changes the tone of the poem towards the end of the stanza to emphasize a change in life. Verse one of stanza two reassures of their friendship, â€Å"best friend too Mary and I†. It reassures of their friendship because by now the persona had begun to doubt their friendship due to the fact that they were rivals. Up to this point in the poem, the tone is peaceful, calm and friendly as it symbolises how the young girls are joyfully progressing and are unaware of the difficulties and challenges which are yet to come. The tone of the poem changes as the reader approaches verse six and seven, â€Å"and my terrible fear of her superiority at sums†. The author changes the tone to a fiercer and more fearful one as it reflects on the theme how the young girls are changing, and supports it with her selection of language. The reader can see a clear change in the young girl’s lives when looking at the fact that primary aged students who are still learning about ‘sums’ are using words such as ‘superiority’. This change gives a clue to the reader on how they are developing, changing and facing new challenges in life. The third stanza informs the reader how the girls came from families with different beliefs and notions towards life. The author demonstrates this through the use of paradox. A statement which seems contradictory but has a deeper meaning, in the case of this poem it allows the reader to quickly differentiate between the two girls. The author looks back at their childhood memories and remembers where they used to live and described it as, â€Å"the same houses, different homes, where the choices were made†. This line is an example of a paradox and is the most significant and meaningful line of the whole poem as it gives the reader an insight on how the choices were made. They lived in the same ‘houses’, another meaning for house is camera and we can associate that meaning with the fact that on the outside everything seemed to be the same just like looking at a picture. However, different homes meant that they were brought up and influenced by different people with different notions about life. So linking the two statements, â€Å"same houses, different homes†, it is known that the families of the two girls decided their future, â€Å"where the decisions were made†. This enables the reader to easily link back to the main theme and know that girls in the 80s usually did not have control over their lives. Moving towards stanza four, the author shows how wealth and different opinions about life influence ones choice. This stanza also highlights the fact that in the 80s decisions were made by the most dominant person in the family, a male or it can be known as modern type of patriarchy. The author uses a stereotype to emphasise on how her friend’s father was a typical ‘backward’ thinking man. The author was not sure why her friend had to leave, but had a clue that her father moved to a place where it was more affordable to live. We know that by the line, â€Å"I don’t know exactly why they moved, but any way they went. Something about a three-apartment and a cheaper rent†. This line refers back to the main theme as it shows how money influenced the family’s choice. It also indicates of the idea how females at that time were usually unaware of what is happening in the house as it was the male’s role, the reader knows it by the fact the author’s best friend did not tell her where or why she is leaving maybe because she did know at all. The author described Marys father as, â€Å"Mary’s father, mufflered, contrasting strangely, with the elegant greyhounds by his side. He didn’t believe in high school education, especially for girls, or in forking out for uniforms†. The author used a stereotype to create an understanding in the reader’s mind of how Mary’s father was the very ‘harsh’ and ‘tough’ kind of man back in the 80s. She then states that he did not believe in high school education for girls or spending on worthless uniforms which emphasises how different notions about life influenced one’s choice. The fourth stanza leads to the understanding how a modern type of patriarchy was still practised back in the 80s which left the women without a choice of their own. Up till this point in the poem we know that the girls with similar childhoods had separated due to the family’s decisions’. In stanza five and six the author sees Mary and starts to compare herself again and tries to blissfully ignore the reality. The author makes use of figurative speech such as metaphors and a lot of descriptive language to emphasise on the results of the decisions which were made in the early phases of life. The second line of stanza five, â€Å"I am coming from the library-†, suggests that the author’s parents had chosen a scholastic path for her. Whereas Mary’s parents had chosen a ‘family’ life for her and we know that when the author describes her as, â€Å"her arms around the full-shaped vase that is her body†. This is an example of a metaphor, it indicates that Mary is pregnant and therefore has a husband. It is clearly visible as to how the author might have preferred a different path than what she has now but she is blissfully ignoring it, by her choice of words there is a slight indication that the author wanted to live like Mary and have what convention called a ‘family’ but then she blissfully ignores that and says, â€Å"not that I envy her really†. At the beginning of stanza six she reinforces the idea that she is ‘ok’ with her life or more like she has to live with it now anyway because she didn’t have control over her life at the very beginning. Through-out the poem author used free verse and created a frame to convey her theme through to the readers along with the indications within the stanzas. The author used free verse to highlight on the fact that girls in the 80s didn’t have their own planned out life which they knew about, rather someone else was controlling them and everything was unexpected. We can also see this within stanza four where Mary didn’t know she was going to leave but when time came she vanished without knowing. The author framed the poem so that her main theme stays very clear, looking at the title ‘the choosing’ it is expected that the poem is about someone make important decisions in life. Within the poem that is proved correct to a certain extent but as the reader approaches the last two lines, â€Å"and wonder when the choices got made we don’t remember making†, it shows how the poem is about modern patriarchy. Where back in the 80s women were controlled by men and how those choices influenced their lives.

Botfly Facts and Tips for Removal

Botfly Facts and Tips for Removal The botfly is a type of parasitic fly, best-known for disturbing images of its larval stage in skin and horror stories of infested people. The botfly is any fly from the family Oestridae. The flies are obligate internal mammalian parasites, which means they cant complete their life cycle unless the larvae have a suitable host. The only species of botfly that parasitizes humans is Dermatobia hominis. Like many species of botfly, Dermatobia grows within the skin. However, there are other species that grow within the hosts gut. Fast Facts: Botfly Common Name: Botfly or Bot FlyScientific Name: Family OestridaeAlso Known As: Warble flies, gadflies, heel fliesDistinguishing Features: Hairy fly with a metallic bot appearance. Infestation is characterized by an irritated bump, with a hole in the center for the larval breathing tube. Movement may sometimes be felt within the lump.Size: 12 to 19 mm (Dermatobia hominis)Diet: Larvae require mammalian flesh. Adults do not eat.Lifespan: 20 to 60 days after hatching (Dermatobia hominis)Habitat: The human bot fly lives primarily in Central and South America. Other botfly species are found worldwide.Conservation Status: Not evaluatedKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: DipteraFamily: OestroidaeFun Fact: Botfly larvae are edible and are said to taste like milk. How to Recognize a Botfly With its hairy, striped body, you could say a botfly looks like a cross between a bumblebee and a house fly. Othersv liken a botfly to a living bot or miniature flying robot, because the reflective hairs give the fly a metallic appearance. The human botfly, Dermatobia, has yellow and black bands, but other species have different coloration. The human botfly is about 12-19 mm in length, with hair and spines on its body. The adult lacks biting mouthparts and does not feed. In some species, botfly eggs are easily identified. For example, equine botflies lay eggs that resemble tiny drops of yellow paint on the horses coat. The fly is best known for its larval stage or maggot. Larvae that infest skin grow under the surface, but leave a small opening through which the maggot breathes. The larvae irritate skin, producing a swelling or warble. Dermatobia larvae have spines, which worsen the irritation. Bot fly larvae cause a lump with an open center, through which the breathing tube may be visible. Petruss Where Do Botflies Live? The human botfly lives in Mexico, Central America, and South America. People who live in other areas generally get infected while traveling. Other species of botfly are found across the globe, primarily (but not exclusively) in warm tropical and subtropical regions. These species infest pets, livestock, and wild animals. The Botfly Life Cycle Cuterebra sp. botfly larva extracted from the neck of a dead rabbit. Katja Schulz The bot fly life cycle always involves a mammalian host. Adult flies mate and then the female deposits up to 300 eggs. She may lay eggs directly on the host, but some animals are wary of botflies, so the flies have evolved to use intermediate vectors, including mosquitoes, houseflies, and ticks. If an intermediate is used, the female grasps it, rotates it, and attaches her eggs (under the wings, for flies and mosquitoes). When the botfly or its vector lands on a warm-blooded host, the increased temperature stimulates the eggs to drop onto the skin and burrow into it. The eggs hatch into larvae, which extend a breathing tube up through the skin to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The larvae (instars) grow and molt, finally dropping from the host into the soil to form pupae and molt into adult flies. Some species do not develop in skin, but are ingested and burrow into the hosts intestine. This happens in animals that lick themselves or rub their nose on body parts. After several months to a year, the larvae pass through the feces to complete its maturation process. In most cases, bot flies do not kill their host. However, sometimes the irritation caused by the larvae leads to skin ulceration, which can result in infection and death. How to Remove Botfly Larvae Botfly larvae Hypoderma diana under a deers skin. Avalon_Studio / Getty Images Infestation with larval flies is termed myiasis. While its a characteristic of the botfly life cycle, it actually occurs with other types of flies, too. There are several methods used to remove fly larvae. The preferred method is to apply a topical anesthetic, slightly enlarge the opening for the mouthparts, and use forceps to remove the larvae. Other methods include: Using a venom extractor syringe from a first aid kit to suck the larvae from the skin.Oral dosing with the antiparasitic avermectin, which leads to spontaneous emergence of the larvae.Flooding the opening with iodine, which causes the fly to poke out of the hole, facilitating its removal.Applying the sap of the matatorsalo tree (found in Costa Rica), which kills the larvae, but does not remove it.Sealing the breathing hole with petroleum jelly, white glue mixed with insecticide, or nail polish, which suffocates the larvae. The hole is enlarged and the carcass is removed with forceps or tweezers.Applying adhesive tape to the breathing hole, which sticks to the mouthparts and pulls out the larvae when the tape is removed.Forcefully squeezing the warble from the base to push the larvae through the opening. Killing the larvae before removal, squeezing them out, or pulling them out with tape is not recommended because rupturing the larvae body can cause anaphylactic shock, make removal of the entire body more difficult, and increase chance of infection. How to Avoid a Botfly Infestation The easiest way to avoid getting infested with botflies is to avoid where they live. Since that isnt always practical, the next best tactic is to apply insect repellent to deter flies, as well as mosquitoes, wasps, and ticks that can carry fly eggs. Wearing a hat and clothing with long sleeves and pants helps to minimize exposed skin. Sources Felt, E.P. (1918). Caribou Warble Grubs Edible. Journal of Economic Entomology. 11: 482.Human Bot Fly Myiasis (2010). U.S. Army Public Health Command (provisional), formerly U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.Mullen, Gary; Durden, Lance, eds. (2009). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Amsterdam, NL: Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-372500-4.Pape, Thomas (April 2001). Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera). Systematic Entomology. 26 (2): 133–171. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00143.xPiper, Ross (2007). Human Botfly. Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 192–194. ISBN 0-313-33922-8.

Why I should be considered for master degree program Essay

Why I should be considered for master degree program - Essay Example I have always been a very good student getting positions and certificates. My teachers and professors always considered me a student worthy of reward. Thanks to the interest and hard work I put in, I happened to get an internship which helped me in getting acquainted with the work field. The duration of the internship was more than one year. I have also attended some training courses as well. Now, I want to enhance my knowledge regarding business through admission in masters program in business administration. I feel that I have enough knowledge and passion to show that I have a craze about going ahead in the business industry and contribute to the financial market. I keep myself updated with market requirements. I keep on reading related journals, books and magazines, and attend related seminars being held in my vicinity. I feel that I possess those special skills needed to fulfill the requirements for this course. I have always come up fresh, innovative and unique ideas. I have learnt basic computer knowledge and softwares, so as to equip myself with the latest technology that may help me in excelling in this course. I also possess the ability of synchronizing and connecting together the thoughts of the teacher and the student in a successful way. I have always thought about bringing my knowledge into use that I gained during my college. This enthusiasm is what pulls me to apply for this MBA degree. I am also interested in various aspects of business, like ethical leadership and conflict management. I believe that a leader must be able to resolve conflicts with efficiency. He must be ethical in his decisions and ideas. It is also important to stay in ethical boundaries while dealing with partners, shareholders, buyers, suppliers, and especially, the customers. I believe that customers are the most important asset of a business. I want to gain further

Attitudes toward Inclusion among general education Teachers at the Essay

Attitudes toward Inclusion among general education Teachers at the Elementary Level - Essay Example This study explores general education teacher experiences, attitudes and beliefs regarding inclusion in an elementary classroom setting, based on Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy. The interview format of the study allows general education teachers at the elementary level to express their experiences, attitudes and beliefs regarding inclusion. Broadly, participants were asked, â€Å"How do you (general education elementary teachers) feel towards inclusion of students with disabilities in your classroom?† The research design is non-experimental, eliciting data on existing attitudes from elementary school teachers. The study population consists of elementary school teachers in Fort Bend, with a sample size of fifteen general education elementary teachers from six public schools. The study’s research methodology draws upon structured, prearranged interview questions and participant’s reflection on their personal experiences. Data was analyzed using a coding system to identify common themes. When teachers in Fort Bend elementary schools learned their campuses would be implementing inclusion of students with disabilities in general classrooms, they expressed many different emotions about the idea, including worry about how they would accomplish this and still keep their excellent teaching levels high. Even if a particular teacher had a positive attitude about inclusion, he or she had many questions and concerns. This study was designed to delve deeply into teacher attitudes regarding inclusion to discover what lies underneath the general comments and discussions this researcher has heard anecdotally. Administrators and other educators beginning to implement inclusion can benefit from knowing how this particular group of educators thinks and feels, and their beliefs regarding inclusion. When the subject of this study was presented to the teachers in Fort Bend, some teachers immediately volunteered to be interviewed.

Quotation essay Essay Example for Free

Quotation essay Essay We never appreciate the value of water until the well runs dry. The words in this quote, written by Benjamin Franklin, invite the reader to take a deeper more insightful glance into how possessions and people arent appreciated until the realization of their importance or value. Through literature, the author uses symbolism, comparisons, and theme to evaluate the importance of appreciation. The author, Benjamin Franklin, portrays meaning throughout the quote which relates to appreciating what you have. People dont realize what they have until its gone. When its gone, then you realize the importance of what you had. In a specific case in which the possession is a valued item, you tend to realize how much better off you were once you had it. Also, if what the quote was referring to specifically was a person, you sometimes realize you love or miss that person more than you expected to. It doesnt necessarily have to be a death, it could be someone leaving a job or moving. For example, I had an apple iPod. I didnt really pay much attention to it. When I lost it, then I realized its value and importance to me. This quote is also based on taking every little chance you get. Taking risks could mean something as simple as trying new things. The author, Ben Franklin portrays different meanings throughout the quote which relates to appreciating what you have and taking risks. The water and the well runs dry are two symbols that represent a friend, family member, or possession that is important to you. Franklin uses the water to represent the value of that specific person or possession to you. The well is used to symbolize the source of your opportunities. Referring back to what I mentioned about the subject being a person, this loved one  could also be the source of your opportunities or education. Until the well runs dry could refer to that person leaving and taking an opportunity with them. For example, the water could be a teacher thats trying to help you get into a good high school. But, you dont think you need their help. If that person leaves and moves on, you might not have as good as an opportunity like you did before when they were helping you. You then start to realize that there help was very important. Other than being a person, the water could relate to a possession. As I mentioned before, when I lost my iPod, I realized its importance. The water and well could symbolize the wealthy versus the poor. In this situation the well, source of opportunities, would be different. Therefore, those two symbols fully symbolize the parting of a loved one, a lost possession, or an important opportunity up until the realization of its true value and meaning you. The author uses the comparison of the value of water to the well. He does this to explain that people take opportunities as well as other people for granted. With this comparison, the subject must be an individual. For example, to a friendship situation, a friend could be taken for granted if you assume that he will always be ready to help you out even if you arent always ready to help him or her. Another example is an employee could be taken for granted by an employer, who makes no effort (such as raises in pay) to reward the employers long and faithful service. The theme of this quote is appreciation, which is basically similar to the meaning. Another theme that can be analyzed from the quote is taking people for granted. Taken for granted is like when you have something really special or important but you dont notice it. Also, grabbing opportunities while you can plays a big part in taking things for granted. For example, I wanted to join the recycling team. But, I kept stalling and not filling out the paper. As a result, the opportunity passed me by and I could no longer join. Franklins words personally relate to human experiences. As I stated earlier, I had an iPod but didnt realize how valuable it was to me until I misplaced it. This quote relates to life in different ways. Taking advantage of a  parent or teacher is one of these ways. For example, I depend on your mom or dad for almost everything. If something happens and Im mad at them, I sometimes wish things you dont mean. If they unexpectedly leave, I will then realize the importance of their role in my life. Franklins words connect to human experiences in various ways. This quote by Ben Franklin does not only relate to personal experience but also connects to the community + world. It connects to the community because people in a community or learning environment could take advantage of a teacher, or appreciate them more when theyre gone. For example, at my dance ministry we have a dance coordinator, Ms. Ferdinand. Sometimes some of the girls dont really agree with her decisions. But, if one day she decided to leave the ministry in the hands of someone else, they may not like it. That person may be very different from what we are used to. Another example could be some students hating a teacher. These examples have the same concept. If the teacher leaves they might not like the one that replaces them. When I was at dream yesterday, a student said Is Mr. Sue, the math teacher, coming back? The English teacher answered Probably not. The student then went on to say I like him better than the new teacher. The class then agreed with him. But, most of the kids in the class didnt really like Mr. Sue when he was around. They then realized that his method of teaching was more understandable than the one we have now. The English teacher then said you never appreciate the value of water, until the well runs dry. Think about that I said to her I am analyzing that quote in ELA. Therefore, they learned that they didnt really appreciate Mr. Sue until he was gone. We never appreciate the value of water until the well runs dry. The words in this quote written by Benjamin Franklin invite the reader to take a deeper more insightful glance into how possessions and people arent appreciated until the realization of their importance or value. A final example could be that when famous singers die, there music gets even more popular. This quote by Benjamin Franklin portrays meaning with relates to grabbing opportunities, appreciation, and taking things for granted.

Free King Lear Essays: King Lear :: free essay writer

King Lear In King Lear, the unnatural elements seem to always dominate the natural elements throughout the play.   There exists a reversal of order in the play where the evil prosper in the downfall of the good, and where man's life is meaningless and arbitrary.   King Lear, the tragic hero, dies in the end despite the torment and agony he had to endure to regenerate and repent.   But it is the worthless destruction of countless other lives because of Lear's own personal tragedy that supports the view of the brutality and the meaningless of man's life in the play. Life in Lear's universe is brutal, and at times, merciless.   All this has been brought about by the reign of evil in the play.   The natural order of things has been reversed to such an extent that many of society's cherished values have been neglected and confused.   Evil characters such as Edmund is praised by Gloucester for exposing the "treachery" of Edgar, while Edgar is denounced for his "villany".   Love, based on selflessness and truth, is weighted in materialistic terms.   A man's life, then, can only be considered arbitrary and meaningless in the chaotic universe of King Lear. The character of Lear and Gloucester die in a state of joy, but they nevertheless die in the end resulf.   Both had immeasurable sufferings for their follies, and yet both had gained wisdom - patience, insight, love - from their experiences.   Both were shown to have the capacity for comparison during their ordeals and both were courageous enough to triumph over their weaknesses.   Yet, despite their regenation gained through suffering and pain, they are made to die in the end.   Their deaths hardly seem just and proper if a man's life were not meaningless.   But in King Lear, a man's life is meaningless indeed. There were also many others who were not directly involved in Lear's personal tragedy that died for it.   Because of Lear's follies and the subsequent reign of evil, the armies of France and Britain fought.   That battle must have resulted in numberous death on both sides.   The army of France, led by the King of France and Cordelia, had come in an attempt to overthrow the evil reign of Goneril and Regan, and to rescue King Lear.   Cordelia was still bound by honour, duty, and obedience to Lear despite her banishment, and she at last, had come for her beloved father.

Use of Images in Understanding of Documents in Cross-Language Information Retrieval

The introduction of the research paper clearly gives the solution for Cross-Language Information Retrieval and that being used for image in understanding foreign languages.The author goes on to say that a document can be represented using series of images that has been drawn from significant terms in the document itself and therefore, because of this the document can be understood quiet simply as a whole or partly.The research clearly gives the introduction to CLIR. The researcher says that if the above mentioned technique works then there would be no requirement for, Translation as these images can be used for multi-lingual representation.Reduced dependency on lexicons. No need for maintenance. No need for human translation. No need for computer based translation.The technique would use images that are available on the internet. The researcher then tries to derive sub-sets of images of languages. The aim of the paper is to see how images can be used in document understanding, so tha t all the above advantages can be benefited from. The paper is a generalised research looking into the following areasWhether search terms and images are similar in meaning. Theory development what the subject understand from the images. Images for language sub-sets. Research into the uses involved. Research into the search categories of words and images returned.Research ContextThe research context takes the reader through the entire cycle of CLIR, how the research started and how it has evolved over the period of time. CLIR itself is described, defined and explained in different ways so that the reader can understand the depth of it.Documents are available in different languages and that requires the computer user to have at least a minimum understanding of the language to comprehend it. Document representation has not been that effective keeping in mind documents that far technical or that needs a higher level of understanding. CLIR is used inA multi-language search using only on e query language. Searchers understand the document but are not efficient enough to query in the same language.A person who does not understand English can retrieve documents in English by a query in their own language or a language they understand. All the above points are reflected in research done by Grefenstette (1998a), Oard (2001), Sanderson and Clough (2002), Pirkola et al (2001), Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998).According to Rosch et al (1976) object categorisation is done with reference to a ‘basic level’ categorisation. The basic requirement for CLIR is the World Wide Web (Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998), Ballesteros and Croft (1998a) and Grefenstette (1998a)) and available on-line documentations.Some of the approaches of CLIR are Document Translation, Query Translation (Dorr (1996), Resnik (1997), Hull (1998) and Fluhr et al (1998), Ballesteros and Croft (1998a)), Parallel Corpora (Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998)), Latent Semantic Indexing (Dumais et alâ₠¬â„¢s (1996)). The researcher has very effectively explained the different approaches to the CLIR explaining the methods adopted from the very beginning.The advantages and the disadvantages are clearly explained using references to Oard (1998), Scott McCarley and Roukos (1999). The enormity of pages (Google (2003)) makes indexing of documents in foreign languages very difficult to translate.   CLIR with images stated off with Sanderson and Clough (2002) research requires no form of gisting to judge the accuracy of the returned item because a correlation is got between the retrieved image and the searched text.The only area that the researcher does not explain is the kind of difference in subject, styles and types of recovery. So it is vague in understanding the possible errors or misinterpretation that can arise if these points are taken into account.Machine translation types (Hutchins and Somers (1992) and Somers (2003)) have been explained; direct, transfer and interlingua along with the limitations (Leech et al (1989)) have also been explained. Limitations being in the area of speed ((Somers 2003) and (www.speechtechnology.com (2003)), ambiguity (O’Grady et al (1996:270), (Hutchins and Somers (1992)).Context and Real World Knowledge (Somers (2003)), Problems with Lexicons (Reeder and Loehr (1998)), Not Translated Words (Reeder and Loehr (1998)), Unknown Proper Nouns (Ballesteros and Croft (1998a)), Compound Words (Hutchins and Somers (1992), Sheridan and Ballerini (1998)), New Words ((O’Grady (1997)), Document Context (Somers (2003)), Minority Languages (Somers (2003)), Babelfish (Hutchins and Somers (1992)) and Sub Languages (Somers (2003)) are all well explained with examples.

Maruti Suzuki in Indian Premium Car Segment

MARUTI SUZUKI & INDIAN PREMIUM CAR SEGMENT Interim Report – Marketing Management INTRODUCTION: Indian automobile industry currently contributes 5% to India’s current GDP of $1. 4 trillion. The projected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between $ 122 billion and $ 159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a contribution of 10% to 11% towards India’s GDP by 2016, which is more than double the current contribution. We can safely assume the passenger car market as a whole grows in the same phase if not more than mentioned above.Passenger cars have sub classifications with in them and they are as follows: SEGMENTATION OF INDIAN CAR MARKET: As per SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) The classification of segments are done as per length of the vehicle, (Passenger car segment) 1. A1 – Mini – Up to 3400mm (M800, Nano) 2. A2 – Compact – 3401 to 4000mm (Alto, wagon r, Zen,i10,A-st ar,Swift,i20,palio,indica etc) 3. A3 – Midsize – 4001 to 4500mm (City,Sx4,Dzire,Logan,Accent,Fiesta,Verna etc) 4. A4 – Executive – 4501 to 4700mm (Corolla,civic,C class,Optra,Octavia, etc) 5.A5 – Premium – 4701 to 5000mm (Camry,Eclass,Accord,Sonata,Laura,Superb,etc) 6. A6 – Luxury – Above 5000mm (S class,5 series etc) 7. B1 – Van – Omni, Versa, Magic etc 8. B2 – MUV/MPV – Innova, Tavera, Sumo etc 9. SUV – CRV, Vitara etc A segment, B segment etc. were used earlier. But now the segmentation in India is done on the basis of length. Maruti Suzuki India Limited, the leading passenger cars producer, currently holds a market share of about 45% in the passenger vehicles segment. The dominant share of the current 45% has primarily come from passenger cars that belong to the Mini/Compact hatchback or midsize sedan.As Maruti Suzuki started its operations in 1981 the needs of the country’s automot ive industries were affordable/entry level cars which Maruti very successfully catered to. But very recently the executive, premium and luxury segment cars are growing more than 20% every year which is higher than the growth of the compact passenger cars. Here is a data which reiterates the growth of premium segment cars in India. The data shows the number of cars whose price is in the range of 15lakh to 30 lakh. Model| 2004/05| 2006| 2007-08| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| Skoda superb| Na| 769| 586| 694| 541| 2078| |BMW 3 series| -| -| 946| 1,075 (FY09)| 1,155| 2,220 (Jan-Nov)| | Audi A4| -| -| 102| 1,050| 1,658| 3,003| 4,210 (Q1-Q3)| Mercedes c class| 785| 883| 1,127| 1,765| 1,607| 5,109 ( Jan-Nov)| 3,233 (Jan-May)| The above data clearly shows there is a strong growth in the premium segment that is being seen in the Indian passenger segment. So how far can Maruti Suzuki, a pioneer in small car segment, address the changing trends of Indian car market. Can it replicate the success of sm all car sales in to the premium segment also?In order to identify the needs and the values of the luxury class and their views and expectations on Maruti entering premium car segment we conducted the following interviews which are given below INTERVIEWS WITH POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS: INTERVIEW 1: What is your profile? I am Prakhar Sharma. I am an electronics engineer and had been working for BEL for the last one year. At present I am a student in IIM Bangalore. Do you own a sedan? If yes, which car? My father would be the rightful owner of the cars that we possess. He is a Government officer. We currently own a SX4 petrol version.It is the ‘fully loaded’ petrol version, and we own it for over a year. Do you own any other car? We do own a Maruti 800, which is around 20 years old. Apart from that, my father has his office car as well. We thought about buying a new car because the Maruti 800 was very old. What are the various factors you considered before you bought the car? Ge nerally when a person is looking to buy a sedan, it is his second or third car purchase. There are various factors people consider while buying a car. Personally, the factors I feel that influence my choice are Style, Power, Ergonomics and driving experience.This is of course taking into account that certain minimum requirements are met by the cars in this category. What other cars did you compare with before buying the SX4? There are a number of options available in this price range. We had basically zeroed down up on SX4 and Honda City. The Honda City is a really good car as well. The best thing I liked about it was the experience. It is extremely smooth with a feather touch power steering. The design and interiors are really nice as well. What made you choose the SX4 over the Honda City? We had a fixed budget assigned towards the car, with a flexibility of around 1 lakh.Within that budget the two cars I really liked was SX4 and Honda City. However, the Honda City base model would cost us as much as the SX4 fully loaded model (with all features already installed). So we felt that it was better value for money, and went along to buy the SX4. Apart from that, some other factors which influenced our decision was that maintenance costs of Maruti is very low, spare parts are readily available and don’t really cost that high either. If you are looking to upgrade to a higher end sedan, would you go for a Maruti again?Say Kizashi? If I assume that I do not have any budget constraints, then I probably would not go for a Maruti. The new Kizashi seems good as far as design and technical specifications are concerned, but the name Maruti has a perception attached to it. Maruti is the car that was trusted by your parents and grand-parents, it is the car that almost every Indian owns. If I want to own a high end sedan, I would want to show it off as well. I feel that would not be possible with the Maruti tag associated with it. It does not have that association of e xclusivity.So I would rule out Maruti in the first place and go for a brand which is not possessed by too many people. INTERVIEW 2: What is your profile? I am Vaibhav Singh, I graduated from IIT Kanpur. Currently am a PGP-I student at IIM Bangalore. Prior to joining IIMB I worked at National Instruments for almost 3 years. Do you own a car now? If yes what is the car Yes, I own a Maruti 800. What are the facts you like and dislike about your current car? I feel a sense of safety in case of Maruti mainly because it’s a trusted brand especially in India. Secondly it’s low on maintenance and its spares are readily available.Also Maruti has a strong service network. What I don’t like about Maruti, I get confused as there are many cars in the same segment and it’s very difficult to select. Do you have any other cars in the family? Which one do you like comparatively? Yes we also own a Ford Figo. I like Figo over Maruti 800 as it is newer and has many more feat ures. Are you planning to upgrade your car now? What are the key features you look for in the car? I may upgrade after in a couple of years from now and mostly to a sedan. The key features I will look for would be i. Brand value. How it’s perceived in the market. ii.Quality iii. Price iv. Features If Maruti comes up with a new car would you be willing to consider it? Why or why not? I will mostly not consider Maruti as my option. The reason is that I associate Maruti with low cost so there is a brand disconnect. I would rather consider a Honda or Toyota. What do you think about the new car Maruti has launched Kizashi? When I saw the car it was portrayed as a sports sedan but I think the looks could have been better. Basically, I don’t perceive Maruti car as a sports sedan. When a car is that expensive it should also add status which I think Maruti does not add.What can Maruti do so that you will consider it as an option? I think what most other companies have done by s eparating the brand specific for luxury cars, Maruti should do something similar. If possible leverage on some brand that concentrates on luxury segment alone. If not anything else, they should atleast use just ‘Suzuki’ and not ‘Maruti Suzuki’ to launch a car in targeted segment. Finally what are the two main reasons why you will not buy a Maruti in the luxury segment? 1. There will not be any status enhancement 2. I do not associate Maruti with high performance.I only think it is low cost and reliable. INTERVIEW 3: What is your profile? I am Shobhit Agrawal from Delhi. I completed my graduation from St. Stephen’s College. Currently am a PGP-I student at IIM Bangalore. Do you own a car? If yes, which? Yes, we own a Volkswagen Polo for over a year. We also own a Maruti 800 but it’s not in a major use now. What you like and dislike about your current car? We bought Polo because it was one of the better cars in terms of performance in that price range. We preferred a top-end version of hatchback over a low-end version of a bigger car.Polo has many features and most importantly we wanted a car that is new and different from the ones generally present in society. So Polo met most of our needs. There’s nothing specific which I don’t like so far. If you want to upgrade your car in future what will it be to? What are the key features you would look for in the car? If I upgrade my car in future, it might be to a sedan. Key features I would consider are i. Performance (engine) and mileage ii. Value for money – The car should be ergonomically comfortable, it should have good features, better quality and good interior design & aesthestics iii.Brand – It should make a statement. iv. It should also have a good dealership network and servicing network. Suppose you would want a luxury sedan, and Maruti launch cars it that segment. Would you consider Maruti as your option? Why or why not? As I mentioned th e key features I would be looking for in a new luxury sedan car, If I feel that a Maruti sedan meets my requirements, I may consider it as my option. But since such an investment is considerably large and highly infrequent, brand will also play an important role in selection as it is a status symbol.What’s your view about Maruti Suzuki SX4 and Kizashi compared to competitors in their segment? When I see SX4 against Honda City, SX4 seems to be lower in class although it is not. Similarly if I compare Kizashi with Accord or Camry, Kizashi seem to be slightly lower. This I think is mainly because people associate Maruti with small cars than sedans and luxury cars. What do you Maruti lacks to be in luxury sedan segment? What should it do? I think Maruti lacks an image of luxury car maker. It is generally associated with small cars owing to its leadership in that segment.In order to be more successful, Maruti will have to develop expertise and capability to compete in that segment . SURVEY ANALYSIS So from the discussions with the consumers we have come to the following conclusions regarding whether they would prefer to buy a Maruti in the sedan segment the following conclusions can be drawn. 1) The major reason is that Maruti is associated with a low cost car. It is a very trusted brand as many of the people interviewed were either owners or had owned a Maruti car in the past and were very satisfied with the product.However the brand is not associated with a status symbol so people upgrading will most probably not prefer a Maruti even if the product and the price is same of competition. 2) Another reason for non-acceptance is that there a real as well as perceived difference between the competitors and Maruti. When we compare higher end cars by Maruti with others in the segment, it fails to beat the established standards by other brands. For e. g. In a 2. 4 Lit engine car segment, it is perceived by the consumers that Toyota and Honda cars will have a superi or engine than Maruti’ s engine.Also they are perceived to provide a better quality in terms of aesthetics to the buyer. For this reason, even though, Maruti Suzuki SX4 was launched in the same segment as Honda City, it was always considered to be lower than City. 3) One reason for people not to consider the car is that they feel the resale value will not be good. As many people in these segments buy cars and switch between 3-5 years resale value is an important consideration and this is where Maruti lags behind a lot compared to a Honda or a Toyota SOME POINTS WERE ALSO IN FAVOUR OF MARUTI: ) Most of the people have already owned a Maruti and were very satisfied with the product and have a high opinion of its after sales service and cheaper spare parts so they think that compared to the others the maintenance cost will be low. Therefore after analysing the 4 interviews we can come to the conclusion that Maruti cannot be seen as a status symbol that most people upgrading to h igher end cars look for. However this segment is growing at a very fast rate compared to the average industry so this is a segment Maruti cannot afford to ignore.The advertisements and promotions for their latest car Kizashi also could not generate much excitement among the customers like what Mahindra Scorpio’s advertisements did so this could be one area they could look at. So the key questions going ahead for us will be: * Maruti has enter the segment with its current brand the following table shows the specifications of Maruti Kizashi and its competitors Technical Specification and Pricing * As shown in the table above even with similar specifications and competitive pricing Kizashi was not able to catapult its sales figures as done by Accord (3324 units– 2005-06) and Camry (794 units– 2005-06).So the burning question is does it need a new brand either fully made by themselves like Toyota did with Lexus or should they come into collaboration or acquire a lux ury brand and enter into the market * Will Maruti be able to use the current distribution channel to effectively market the cars? With the same dealership network having two types of customers, one targeting an entry level hatchback and the other targeting a luxury sedan served effectively? Or will they need a new dealership network for high segments cars for specific target consumer which can be a costly affair.

Woodside Petroleum 2005 Company Analysis

Woodside Petroleum 2005 Company Analysis Free Online Research Papers Woodside reported a net profit after tax of $1,107.4 million for 2005 which is 3.4% lower than 2004 of $1,146 million. However, 2005’s underlying net profit after tax increased by 54.5%. This is because a significant item totalling $474.6 million reported in 2004 was from selling off the Enfield oil project (Phaceas 2006). Average oil price has increased 36.8% in 2005 compared with 2004 contributes a $552.6 million to revenue from sale of goods and higher sales volumes raised another A$98.4 million driven by strong Liquefied Natural Gas sales. This corresponds with Howarth (2006), â€Å"Woodside’s average crude oil price in 2005 was $72.88, up from $54.19 the year before†. However, these positive amounts are partially offset by the loss from appreciation of AUD against USD, increased cost of sales and total exploration and evaluation expense. As oil production costs increased from $4.27 a barrel to $6.78 a barrel (Howarth 2006). All these lead to decrease in ROE (net profit attributable to the members of Woodside Petroleum Ltd / Total Equity) from 41.4% in 2004 to 31.6% in 2005. If adjusting for significant items, it actually increases from 29.3% to 30.2%. Liquidity Current ration (Current Assets/Current Liabilities) has dropped dramatically during 2005 from 2.6 to 0.785. It is largely because of the cash outflow amounting to $564.2 million which was mainly for acquiring Houston-based Gryphon Exploration Company. According to Howarth, â€Å"Woodside plans to increase its exploration budget 40 per cent to $500 million in 2006 after spending $346.2 million in 2005 and just $239 million in 2004 (2006)†. Though notion of ‘ideal’ current ratio differs across industries, a higher ratio is normally preferred to a lower one as liquidity is of vital importance to the survival of a business (Atrill, 2000). Meanwhile, payable increased $289.4 million due to the purchase of long-lead items for the Group’s exploration and development activities and the acquisition of Gryphon payable. However, the truth behind the drop in liquidity is wealth creation for future growth. For example, the acquisition of Gryphon in September 2005 provided immediate production and access to a substantial portfolio of exploration leases and prospects in the Gulf of Mexico. Disruption to oil and gas operation caused by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita 2005 was covered up to 88% of pre-hurricane level by the Gryphon portfolio. The Kipper gas field in Bass Strait will cost $200 million which expected to yield $3 billion of gas and natural gas, with Woodside owned 21 per cent it. Gearing There was no new share issued during 2004 and 2005, and Woodside relied more on borrowing. Long term debts remain at the similarly level around 1000 million due to its industry characteristic. But the net gearing (Net Debt* / Equity) in 2005 has tripled in size compare with 2004 because Woodside has increased their borrowing to meet the cash need. The $729 million gained in equity contributed only a small portion to the gearing. Woodside plans to spend $10 billion in development of new projects over the next five years, and three major projects will start production this year (Howarth 2006). * Net debt=short term debt + long term debt cash Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) From 1 January 2005, financial statements prepared by Woodside are in accordance with Australian equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (AIFRS) instead of Australian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (AGAAP). The adoption of AIFRS has impact the following areas: (a) Petroleum Resource Rent Tax (PRRT) Under AGAAP, PRRT was treated using accrual accounting basis. Under AIFRS, Australia Accounting Standards Board (AASB) 112 extends the tax-effect accounting to encompass all taxes on income. Taxable temporary differences arise because deferred PRRT liability or asset is recognised for the differences that have accumulated between PRRT tax base and the accounting base. (b) Employee Share Plan AASB 2 require treatment of employee share plan as share-based compensation, the principal amount of the interest-free, limited-recourse loans to acquire shares are reclassified from receivables to a separate class of shareholders’ equity. Dividend paid on shares issued are retained to repay the loans, are offset against that separate class of shareholders’ equity. (c) Leases Determine whether any service contracts contain leases. All leases should be accounted in accordance with AASB 117. Woodside has identified a finance lease which needs to be reported on the balance sheet, lead capitalisation of leased assets into oil and gas properties and the lease liability recorded as interest-bearing loans and borrowings. As a result, the retained earning will reflects the replacement of lease payments expense with interest and depreciation charges. (d) Functional and Presentation Currency AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, the Group’s functional currency is Australian dollars and US dollars. Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries with a foreign currency are translated into Australian dollars at each period’s closing date and any exchange movements are recorded through a Foreign Currency Translation Reserve (FCTR). (e) Borrowing Costs Borrowing costs on qualifying assets are to be capitalise, this exclude those assets with a value of less than $50 million, all expenses relating to exploration and evaluation, and the foreign exchange differences. (f) Provision for Restoration Under AIFRS, the present value of restoration obligations to be recognised as a non-current liability and to capitalised future restoration costs. The capitalised cost is amortised over the life of the project and the provision is accreted periodically as the discounting of the liability unwinds. The unwinding of the discount is recorded as a finance cost, which leads to reduction in restoration provisions. (g) Investments Investments in equity securities were held at cost under AGAAP. AASB 139 classified investment in equity as either held for trading (unrealised gains or losses reported in the income statement) or available-for-sale (unrealised gains or losses reported in equity) and carried at fair value. The difference between the fair value of investments and historical cost leads to increase in other financial assets and retained earnings. (h) Income Tax Under AGAAP, income tax expense was calculated by reference to the accounting profit after allowing for permanent differences. Under AIFRS, temporary difference arises due to difference between the carrying value of an asset or liability and its tax base. (i) Defined Benefit Superannuation Fund Under AGAAP, cumulative actuarial gains and losses on the defined benefit section were not recognised on the balance sheet. Under AIFRS, provision for employee benefits is recognised as an asset and is measured as the difference between the present value of the employees’ accrued benefits and the net market value of the superannuation fund’s assets at that date. The impact would be increase in other assets for the surplus superannuation fund assets and to record the related gain in the income statement. (j) Embedded Derivatives AASB 139 requires the identification, recognition and measurement of derivatives embedded within contracts that a company may enter. (k) Financial Instruments AASB 132 and 139 require all financial instruments to be initially recognised at fair value. Subsequently, movements in financial instruments are recorded in the income statement. (l) Hedge of Net Investments Under AGAAP, US dollar borrowing were treated as a hedge of US dollar sales revenues. However, US dollar borrowing does not meet the hedge accounting requirements under AIFRS. (m) Sale of Assets Under AIFRS the net gain or loss on sale of each class of asset is classified as other income or other expenses in the income statement. Under previous AGAAP, proceeds on sale were classified as other income and the written down value of assets disposed were disclosed as other expenses. (Woodside Concise Annual Report 2005) Reference Woodside signs $2b LNG deal, The West Australian, 2 May 2006 Atrill, Peter 2000, Accounting: an introduction, Prentice Hall, NSW Ball, Y Risk-hungry Woodside looks offshore for growth, Australian Financial Review, 16 January 2006. Ball, Y Woodside slips as junta disputes production contract, Australian Financial Review, 4 February 2006. Bell, S Woodside Petroleum Heats Up Demand for Natural Gas Fuels Jump in Australian Firms Shares, The Wall Street Journal, 3 January 2006, Dow Jones Newswires. Energy, N. W Woodside in Kansai gas deal, The Australian, 23 March 2006. Findlay, T Resource stocks take a breather, Australian Financial Review, 6 January 2006. Fitgerald, B Woodside shoots to glory as it cashes in on oil boom, The Age, 12 April 2006. RESOURCES EDITOR Howarth, I Woodside to keep pumping out profits, Australian Financial Review, 16 February 2006. aspectfinancial.com.au, 5 May 2006. woodside.com.au/Investors/Annual+Reports/2005+Annual+Report.htm, 5 May 2006. Keenan, R Japanese loyalty a big boost for Woodside, The Courier-Mail, 9 March 2006. Palepu, K.G., Healy, P.M and Bernard V.L. 2004, Business Analysis Valuation Using Financial Statements, 3rd edn, Thomson, Mason. Phaceas, J Woodside flags Sunrise start as profit tops $1 b, The West Australian, 16 February 2006 Sprague, J.A Investors cheer as share prices soar to record on back of gold, The West Australian, 10 January 2006. Research Papers on Woodside Petroleum 2005 Company AnalysisDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized TestingBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

The Difference Between Molality and Molarity

The Difference Between Molality and Molarity If you pick up a stock solution from a shelf in the lab and its 0.1 m HCl, do you know if thats a 0.1 molal solution or a 0.1 molar solution, or if there is even a difference? Understanding  molality and  molarity is important in chemistry because these units are among the most commonly used to describe solution concentration. What m and M Mean in Chemistry Both m and M are units of the concentration of a chemical solution. The lowercase m indicates molality, which is calculated using moles of solute per kilograms of solvent. A solution using these units is called a molal solution (e.g., 0.1 m NaOH is a 0.1 molal solution of sodium hydroxide). Uppercase M is molarity, which is moles of solute per liter of solution (not solvent). A solution using this unit is termed  a molar solution (e.g., 0.1 M NaCl is a 0.1 molar solution of sodium chloride). Formulas for Molality and Molarity Molality (m) moles solute / kilograms solventThe units of molality are mol/kg. Molarity (M) moles solute / liters solutionThe units of molarity are mol/L. When m and M Are Almost the Same If your solvent is water at room temperature, m and M can be roughly the same, so if an exact concentration doesnt matter, you can use either solution. The values are closest to each other when the amount of solute is small because molality is for kilograms of solvent, while molarity takes into account the volume of the entire solution. So, if the solute takes up a lot of volume in a solution, m and M wont be as comparable. This brings up a common mistake people make when preparing molar solutions. Its important to dilute a molar solution to the correct volume rather than add a volume of solvent. For example, if youre making 1 liter of a 1 M NaCl solution, you would first measure one mole of salt, add it to a beaker or volumetric flask, and then dilute the salt with water to reach the 1-liter mark. It is incorrect to mix one mole of salt and one liter of water. Molality and molarity are not interchangeable at high solute concentrations, in situations where the temperature changes, or when the solvent is not water. When to Use One Over the Other Molarity is more common because most solutions are made by measuring solutes by mass and then diluting a solution to the desired concentration with a liquid solvent. For typical lab use, its easy to make and use a molar concentration. Use molarity for dilute aqueous solutions at a constant temperature. Molality is used when the solute and solvent interact with each other, when the temperature of the solution will change, when the solution is concentrated, or for a nonaqueous solution. You would also use molality rather than molarity when youre calculating boiling point, boiling point elevation, melting point, or freezing point depression or working with other colligative properties of matter. Learn More Now that you understand what molarity and molality are, learn how to calculate them and how to use concentration to determine mass, moles, or volume of the components of a solution.

What Is Morality DB Unit 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What Is Morality DB Unit 5 - Assignment Example It is a concept in which logical reasoning and evaluation is given preference over the ethical concepts. David must acknowledge that no rules have been violated since the president is his boss’s ex-sister-in-law, and hence, he does not need to inform the company about the discovery. No 3. It is a fact that a person ceases to have any legal relation with his or her in-laws after divorce. However, it would have been better to bring this into Sanders knowledge since it would definitely have impressed him, cautioned him in advance, and proven David’s efficiency and honesty towards the job and company. No 4. In this situation, by not informing the authorities David has not disrupted the company’s policy regarding ethical requirements. Hence, there will be no negative remittances whatsoever that he will be facing. Instead, it is likely that by enlightening the authorities about this aspect and further informing about the legalities involved might prove beneficial for him professionally. Fernando, A. C. (2009). Business ethics: An Indian perspective. (p. 9). Pearson Education India. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=UNKQtwaszhYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 Reily, N. P., Sirgy, M. J., & Gorman, A. (2012). Work and quality of life: Ethical practices in organizations. (p. 478). Springer. Retrieved from

Transformational leadership and manageent syle in nursing Essay

Transformational leadership and manageent syle in nursing - Essay Example The kind of work she does from asking patients how they are doing, and whether they have what they need here; to directing other staff members making sure all hospital work gets done on time and efficiently. She also makes sure along with getting work done is that all staff members get time off and they get to go out too and do not just get stuck with work all the time. This extra care from the nurse manager ensures that they are motivated and happy with whatever work they are doing and they hence do everything in a better way than normally expected. Hence, apart from ensuring that everything gets done on time this nurse also makes sure that everyone gets time off and vacations on time too. This shows how caring she is towards hers staff members and the people she has under her for leading and motivating. We call this inspirational of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders identify and formulate a vision for their followers and sub-ordinates to follow. They create an idea of a future environment and vision. They visualize how things will eventually be if they work and try to achieve success. In the case of the nurse manager, she devises a vision as to how the other nurses should provide to the hospital and the patients. Secondly, all transformational leaders provide a suitable ideal for the workplace and for the people working there. The nurse manager being a transformational leader also sets an example by adhering to activities and rules that are typical of efficient hospital nurse management. Promote the importance and willingness to accept of goals of the entire group of people the transformational leader is leading. The nurse manager also does this through setting goals first and then making sure there is cooperation and understanding in between each group member and all nurses that is so that there is harmony amongst them. This harmony makes sure that all members change their individual goals into collective goals and achieve common group goals henceforth. Uphold expectations pertaining to high formulated levels of performance and making sure that the entire group meets these expectations criteria. The nurse manager gives confidence to the entire staff that they can get this particular task done for example making sure that the hygienic conditions in the hospital are met etc. Catering to individual support. This is done to make sure that the members of the group/team feel worthy and